Among African elephants, the survival of the group does not rely solely upon individual strength or instinct. Rather, it depends primarily on the matriarch, an elder female who holds knowledge acquired over generations—paths to water, safe havens, precise identification of dangers. This precious wisdom, born from collective lived experience, is passed to younger generations through subtle, concrete, and contextually grounded dynamics. This transgenerational transmission ensures the group's continuity and resilience in the face of crises.
In humans, the elephant matriarch finds its parallel in the figure of the Sage or Elder, a person traditionally adept across multiple areas of knowledge simultaneously—medicine, philosophy, psychology, spirituality, and practical know-how. Such a person, a polymath by definition, integrates various forms of wisdom to better navigate everyday challenges. Yet this wisdom was never isolated; it was intrinsically tied to a community, or what we commonly call a tribe.
The tribe thus represents a living metaphor for any human community bound together by shared skills, a strong cultural identity, and constant social interdependence. Within this collective structure, the Sage played a fundamental role, harmonizing diverse elements to maintain cohesion and guide the group through moments of uncertainty. When a community loses its connection to this contextual wisdom, it gradually forfeits a nuanced and invaluable heritage.
Yet today, in the age of a so-called "global tribe," one might well ask: where has the Sage gone? The gradual disappearance of this figure coincides strikingly with the rise of modern scientific thought, aspiring towards absolute, universal truths. Undoubtedly, modern science has brought immense value; but doesn't it become problematic when it claims to entirely replace other forms of knowledge? When this universalist perspective neglects the richness inherent in specific human contexts, it risks becoming rigid, cold, and reductionist.
To be clear, science is not at all a static enterprise. Within its vast terrain exist disciplines that actively seek to engage with context, plurality, and lived realities: anthropology and ethnography situate human behavior within culture; ethnobotany demonstrates how indigenous ecological knowledge informs pharmacology; medical anthropology exposes how illness is shaped as much by social worlds as by biology. Neuroscience, often caricatured as reductionist, has begun to integrate findings from psychology and embodied cognition.
Even in the so-called 'hard sciences,' knowledge is never absolute but constantly subject to revision and challenge. Physics, often seen as the paradigm of certainty, has repeatedly overturned its own foundations: Newtonian mechanics once described the universe with apparent finality, only to be reframed by Einstein’s relativity and then further complicated by the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics. Science in essence is a school which should reject absolute truths, understanding the complexities and everchanging universe, not a dogmatic dogma bashing Richard Dawkins, a worldview that mistakes the provisional methods of science for the only legitimate form of truth.
The real issue, then, is not science per se but scientism—the ideology that elevates certain universalist methods as the only valid form of truth. When scientism eclipses these more pluralistic strands of inquiry, it marginalizes contextual wisdoms, erases nuanced local knowledges, and falsely presents knowledge as a single, standardized equation rather than a mosaic.
This tension between contextual wisdom and universalist thinking is far from new. Already in the 18th century, during encounters between Enlightenment European philosophers and indigenous American Sages, Europeans claimed to have "discovered" new ideas of freedom and equality. Yet such concepts had long existed among indigenous peoples. In 1744, at the Treaty of Lancaster, Canassatego, an Iroquois chief, reminded the British delegates:
"We are born free; our ancestors taught us to preserve this freedom for ourselves and our descendants."
This statement reveals an unsettling truth: European Enlightenment thinkers were merely rediscovering contextual wisdoms already long present elsewhere. Even Rousseau, indirectly influenced by these exchanges, criticized the excesses of a technocratic civilization disconnected from the living context of human communities.
The great world religions, despite their universal aspirations, similarly reflect this tension between universalism and contextual diversity. For example, the Pope, spiritual leader of the Catholic Church, historically embodied an institutionalized, centralized, and normative wisdom, sometimes bordering on spiritual authoritarianism. The Papal Bull Unam Sanctam (1302) clearly illustrates this imposed universality:
"It is absolutely necessary for the salvation of every human creature to be subject to the Roman Pontiff."
Conversely, other religious traditions explicitly embrace cultural and spiritual plurality. The Quran, the foundational text of Islam, emphasizes human diversity in Surah Al-Hujurat (49:13):
"O mankind! Indeed, We have created you from male and female and made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another."
Similarly, Hindu teachings found in the Bhagavad Gita underscore the multiplicity of spiritual paths toward a shared truth. Krishna states clearly (Chapter 4, verse 11):
"In whatever way people surrender unto me, I respond accordingly. Everyone follows my path in all respects, O Arjuna."
These religious insights clearly demonstrate that genuine wisdom cannot be contained within a singular, centralized, and globalized approach. Yet today, we witness ongoing attempts at quantifying and standardizing every aspect of human life: psychology reduced to neuroscience, economics simplified into cold statistics, philosophy constrained by purely logical analysis. When this form of science claims to fully encapsulate the human experience, it ignores the complex, context-specific richness of real human communities.
Thus, we must legitimately question: where has the Sage gone? Why must we constantly rediscover truths already established by other cultures? Why stubbornly believe that a universal scientific answer is inherently superior to nuanced, context-based solutions that have stood the test of time? Why not finally embrace a balanced complementarity between these approaches?
In forsaking the Sage, we forsake the very richness of our human diversity in favor of a dangerous illusion of universality. Rediscovering the Sage is not nostalgic naïveté; rather, it is a necessary act of humility and acknowledgment: understanding that humanity cannot be reduced to a universal equation, and that our true wealth lies precisely in our differences.
True wisdom can only live within specific contexts. Like the humble elephant matriarch, guardian of living, concrete, and subtle knowledge, our time urgently needs to rediscover this human figure of the Sage.
Why not begin by listening, valuing, and preserving these forgotten voices, those still speaking contextually grounded truths? Why not create a genuine, balanced alliance between ancestral wisdom and contemporary science?
The question remains open, provocative, but now clearly stated:
Where has the Sage gone, and are we finally ready to find him again?